With the rapid development of agriculture, compound fertilizers are increasingly favored by the majority of farmers. Recently, the reporter interviewed Dr. Shi Yuanliang, chairman of the Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Specialization Committee of the China Soil Society, which has been engaged in the research and development of long-term fertilizers, for the issues that deserve attention in the development of compound fertilizers.
Shi Yuanliang believes that China's compound fertilizer has developed rapidly in recent years, but there is still a big gap compared with developed countries. Main reasons: On the one hand, the development of domestic compound fertilizers started late; on the other hand, there were mostly small enterprises, and the quality of products was uneven. In particular, the market for counterfeit and shoddy products was mixed, which adversely affected the healthy development of the industry. In addition, Shi Yuanliang emphasized that the serious shortage of technology is also one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of China's compound fertilizer.
In light of the current situation of compound fertilizers in China, Shi Yuanliang believes that the following problems exist:
First, the loss of fertilizer nutrients is serious. At present, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is only 30% to 35%, the phosphorus utilization rate is only 15% to 20%, and the potash fertilizer utilization rate does not exceed 65%. According to a long-term study conducted by the Nanjing Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, China has lost as much as 12 million to 14 million tons of chemical nitrogen, which is worth 43 billion to 50 billion yuan, each year. Loss of fertilizers, while increasing the cost of agriculture and waste of resources, also brings tremendous pressure on the environment.
The second is the short period of fertilizer effect. The development of NPK compound fertilizer in China started late. In the early 1980s, mixed pellets were used to produce mixed fertilizers. The initial use of urea-sodium superphosphate-potassium chloride, urea-calcium magnesium phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride- Superphosphate-potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate-calcium superphosphate-potassium chloride and other series produce low- and medium-density compound fertilizers. In recent years, urea-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride, nitrate phosphate fertilizer-potassium chloride, Ammonium chloride-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride, ammonium nitrate-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride series produce high-concentration compound fertilizer, but due to its fast dissolution rate and short duration of fertilizer effect, In the growing process of crops, it is necessary to top-dress many times, which increases both the amount of fertilizer used and the amount of labor.
Third, the supply of nutrients is not balanced. Studies have shown that after absorption of fertilizer nutrients by crops, the converted nitrates accumulate and are stored in the root epidermis cytoplasm and plant vacuoles. Due to concentrated application in the fertilization period, excess nitrate reserves in the plant vacuole are formed, which can not be transformed into agricultural crops. In the case of nutrients, a large amount is accumulated in the agricultural products, so that the nitrate content in agricultural products soars. This has not only become one of the main reasons restricting the export of China's agricultural products, but also has caused the increase in fertilizer production in many regions. The decline in fertilizer returns has become increasingly prominent.
Fourth, from the perspective of mineral resources, most of China's raw materials for chemical fertilizer production come from non-renewable resources. Although there are abundant nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer resources in the country, the supply situation facing natural gas and coal is still not easy in the long run. For the phosphate rock resources, although richer, they are mostly low-grade and are distributed in underdeveloped areas. In particular, China is a country lacking potassium resources, and potash fertilizer is still mainly dependent on imports.
Based on the existing problems, Shi Yuanliang pointed out that the development of high-yield, high-quality, environmentally-harmonious agriculture has become a key issue that China must face. It requires us to develop a controlled-release fertilizer and stable fertilizer, and to promote the release of controlled fertilizer fertilizer release. the way. Advancing the innovation system of controllable compound fertilizers is to control the release time of nutrients through innovative technologies, and then to meet the needs of crop growth to provide nutrients for fertilizers. According to the state of controlled development of fertilizers in the world and domestic research and development of such technologies, controlled-release fertilizers and stable fertilizers should be listed as priorities for development.
The controlled release study of compound fertilizers in China began in the 1980s. Representative coated resin coated compound fertilizers were used. The main research and development units were Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences and Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The research results of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences have been commercialized. The product consists of particles of different coating thickness to control the release of nutrients and release time at different times. Another type of fertilizer with long-lasting function is packaged fertilizer. It is represented by Luxecote® of the College of Engineering of Zhengzhou University. It is mainly composed of leaching calcium-magnesium-phosphate-phosphate fertilizer and phosphate rock powder, etc. Long-term crops.
Stability long-acting compound fertilizer is one of the most widely used long-term fertilizers in China. It was developed and promoted to industrialization by the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its core technology is NAM additives. This technology also uses phosphorus activation technology to release phosphorus from the soil by activating it and keeping it for a longer period of validity to ensure early crop phosphorus demand. A major breakthrough in this product is that the production cost increases only by 2% to 3% after long-term fertilizers are applied, and large-scale crops can be applied. According to statistics, by 2005, this technology has been applied in 46 domestic compound fertilizer plants, accumulatively producing 1.28 million tons of long-term compound fertilizer, saving a total of 60 million yuan for the production plant, and accumulatively increasing grain output by 2 billion kg. It increased 2.6 billion yuan.
The stable long-term compound fertilizer has independent intellectual property rights, which meets the requirements of one-time fertilization and no fertilizer. The nutrient supply period can be up to 120 days, which can meet the demand for nutrients in most regions of the country and at each stage of the crop growth period. The effective period of fertilizer can be adjusted within 50 to 120 days according to crop and geographical requirements, and controlled release and protection are adopted. The combination of effectiveness and efficiency enables nutrient release to be coordinated with crop growth needs, thereby increasing fertilizer utilization. The average nutrient utilization rate can reach 42%~45%, the increase rate can reach 8%~15%, and the fertilizer loss, volatilization and denitrification rate can be reduced by more than 60%. It has been used in corn, rice, cotton, wheat, sugar cane, fruit trees, etc. The application of several crops, the application area covers the three provinces of East China, Inner Mongolia, Central Plains, Jingjintang, Gansu, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi, has outstanding industrial advantages and broad application prospects.
The gradual maturation and improvement of controlled-release long-term compound fertilizer and stable long-term compound fertilizer technology provide support for the rapid development and technological progress of China's compound fertilizers with independent innovation and core technologies. In order to promote the rapid development of China's compound fertilizer controllable technology, Shi Yuanliang suggested that a large-scale production base be established to achieve industrialization and scale, so that it can enter the international market; guidance and strong support should be given in the taxation policy for products and raw materials, and energy-saving for production. High-efficiency fertilizers are given to the manufacturers for technical reform funds and agricultural promotion funds; the formulation of national standards and a clear market position to promote healthy and orderly competition; the establishment of an information exchange platform to guide the domestic market, understanding of foreign development trends, and improve the level of production and application.
Shi Yuanliang believes that China's compound fertilizer has developed rapidly in recent years, but there is still a big gap compared with developed countries. Main reasons: On the one hand, the development of domestic compound fertilizers started late; on the other hand, there were mostly small enterprises, and the quality of products was uneven. In particular, the market for counterfeit and shoddy products was mixed, which adversely affected the healthy development of the industry. In addition, Shi Yuanliang emphasized that the serious shortage of technology is also one of the bottlenecks restricting the development of China's compound fertilizer.
In light of the current situation of compound fertilizers in China, Shi Yuanliang believes that the following problems exist:
First, the loss of fertilizer nutrients is serious. At present, the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in China is only 30% to 35%, the phosphorus utilization rate is only 15% to 20%, and the potash fertilizer utilization rate does not exceed 65%. According to a long-term study conducted by the Nanjing Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, China has lost as much as 12 million to 14 million tons of chemical nitrogen, which is worth 43 billion to 50 billion yuan, each year. Loss of fertilizers, while increasing the cost of agriculture and waste of resources, also brings tremendous pressure on the environment.
The second is the short period of fertilizer effect. The development of NPK compound fertilizer in China started late. In the early 1980s, mixed pellets were used to produce mixed fertilizers. The initial use of urea-sodium superphosphate-potassium chloride, urea-calcium magnesium phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride- Superphosphate-potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate-calcium superphosphate-potassium chloride and other series produce low- and medium-density compound fertilizers. In recent years, urea-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride, nitrate phosphate fertilizer-potassium chloride, Ammonium chloride-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride, ammonium nitrate-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride and ammonium sulfate-ammonium phosphate-potassium chloride series produce high-concentration compound fertilizer, but due to its fast dissolution rate and short duration of fertilizer effect, In the growing process of crops, it is necessary to top-dress many times, which increases both the amount of fertilizer used and the amount of labor.
Third, the supply of nutrients is not balanced. Studies have shown that after absorption of fertilizer nutrients by crops, the converted nitrates accumulate and are stored in the root epidermis cytoplasm and plant vacuoles. Due to concentrated application in the fertilization period, excess nitrate reserves in the plant vacuole are formed, which can not be transformed into agricultural crops. In the case of nutrients, a large amount is accumulated in the agricultural products, so that the nitrate content in agricultural products soars. This has not only become one of the main reasons restricting the export of China's agricultural products, but also has caused the increase in fertilizer production in many regions. The decline in fertilizer returns has become increasingly prominent.
Fourth, from the perspective of mineral resources, most of China's raw materials for chemical fertilizer production come from non-renewable resources. Although there are abundant nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer resources in the country, the supply situation facing natural gas and coal is still not easy in the long run. For the phosphate rock resources, although richer, they are mostly low-grade and are distributed in underdeveloped areas. In particular, China is a country lacking potassium resources, and potash fertilizer is still mainly dependent on imports.
Based on the existing problems, Shi Yuanliang pointed out that the development of high-yield, high-quality, environmentally-harmonious agriculture has become a key issue that China must face. It requires us to develop a controlled-release fertilizer and stable fertilizer, and to promote the release of controlled fertilizer fertilizer release. the way. Advancing the innovation system of controllable compound fertilizers is to control the release time of nutrients through innovative technologies, and then to meet the needs of crop growth to provide nutrients for fertilizers. According to the state of controlled development of fertilizers in the world and domestic research and development of such technologies, controlled-release fertilizers and stable fertilizers should be listed as priorities for development.
The controlled release study of compound fertilizers in China began in the 1980s. Representative coated resin coated compound fertilizers were used. The main research and development units were Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences and Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The research results of the Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences have been commercialized. The product consists of particles of different coating thickness to control the release of nutrients and release time at different times. Another type of fertilizer with long-lasting function is packaged fertilizer. It is represented by Luxecote® of the College of Engineering of Zhengzhou University. It is mainly composed of leaching calcium-magnesium-phosphate-phosphate fertilizer and phosphate rock powder, etc. Long-term crops.
Stability long-acting compound fertilizer is one of the most widely used long-term fertilizers in China. It was developed and promoted to industrialization by the Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Its core technology is NAM additives. This technology also uses phosphorus activation technology to release phosphorus from the soil by activating it and keeping it for a longer period of validity to ensure early crop phosphorus demand. A major breakthrough in this product is that the production cost increases only by 2% to 3% after long-term fertilizers are applied, and large-scale crops can be applied. According to statistics, by 2005, this technology has been applied in 46 domestic compound fertilizer plants, accumulatively producing 1.28 million tons of long-term compound fertilizer, saving a total of 60 million yuan for the production plant, and accumulatively increasing grain output by 2 billion kg. It increased 2.6 billion yuan.
The stable long-term compound fertilizer has independent intellectual property rights, which meets the requirements of one-time fertilization and no fertilizer. The nutrient supply period can be up to 120 days, which can meet the demand for nutrients in most regions of the country and at each stage of the crop growth period. The effective period of fertilizer can be adjusted within 50 to 120 days according to crop and geographical requirements, and controlled release and protection are adopted. The combination of effectiveness and efficiency enables nutrient release to be coordinated with crop growth needs, thereby increasing fertilizer utilization. The average nutrient utilization rate can reach 42%~45%, the increase rate can reach 8%~15%, and the fertilizer loss, volatilization and denitrification rate can be reduced by more than 60%. It has been used in corn, rice, cotton, wheat, sugar cane, fruit trees, etc. The application of several crops, the application area covers the three provinces of East China, Inner Mongolia, Central Plains, Jingjintang, Gansu, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi, has outstanding industrial advantages and broad application prospects.
The gradual maturation and improvement of controlled-release long-term compound fertilizer and stable long-term compound fertilizer technology provide support for the rapid development and technological progress of China's compound fertilizers with independent innovation and core technologies. In order to promote the rapid development of China's compound fertilizer controllable technology, Shi Yuanliang suggested that a large-scale production base be established to achieve industrialization and scale, so that it can enter the international market; guidance and strong support should be given in the taxation policy for products and raw materials, and energy-saving for production. High-efficiency fertilizers are given to the manufacturers for technical reform funds and agricultural promotion funds; the formulation of national standards and a clear market position to promote healthy and orderly competition; the establishment of an information exchange platform to guide the domestic market, understanding of foreign development trends, and improve the level of production and application.
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