To meet different requirements for use, the overall structure and layout of the car are different. The general installation of the engine and the relative position of the various assemblies, as well as different driving methods, modern car layout patterns are usually these:
â– Front Drive (FR)
This is a more traditional arrangement. Most of the early cars used FR layout, but now they are mainly used in mid- and high-class cars. The advantage of FR is that the axle load is evenly distributed, that is, the front and rear weights of the vehicle are relatively balanced and the steering stability is better. The disadvantage is that there are many transmission parts and the mass of the transmission system is large. The transmission shaft passing through the cabin occupies the floor space in the cabin.
â– Pre-precursor (FF)
This is the current mainstream layout of cars. It has the advantages of compact structure, reduced weight, lower floor height, improved handling stability at high speeds, and the like. The disadvantages are: the driving wheel's adhesion will decrease when climbing uphill; the front wheel will have a complex structure and poor working conditions due to driving and steering.
â– Central Rear Drive (MR)
More used in sports sports cars and formula cars. Since this type of vehicle requires a very powerful engine, its engine size is also relatively large. Positioning the engine behind the driver's seat and before the rear axle facilitates optimal distribution of the axle loads and improves the performance of the vehicle. The engine is placed between the front and rear axles, while the rear-wheel drive is used, similar to the layout of the F1 racing car. There is also a "front mid-engine" in which the engine is placed behind the front axle and before the occupant, similar to the FR, but it can achieve the same ideal axle load distribution as the MR, thereby improving maneuverability. The advantage of MR is that the shaft load is evenly distributed and has a neutral handling characteristic. The disadvantage is that the engine takes up space in the cockpit, which reduces the space utilization and practicality. Therefore, MR is mostly a sports car that seeks to control the performance.
â– Rear Rear Drive (RR)
This is the arrangement adopted by most passenger cars. It was widely used in small cars in the early days. It has the advantages of reducing indoor noise and facilitating the interior layout of the car body. But Porsche 911 is famous for its RR. The advantages of RR are: compact structure, no heavy transmission shaft, no complicated front steering and driving structure. The disadvantages are that the rear axle load is large, and in terms of maneuverability, there is an oversteer that is opposite to FF.
â– All Wheel Drive (nWD)
Usually used by off-road vehicles, this type of engine is generally front-mounted, after which a splitter is installed to transmit power to all wheels. However, some luxury cars now use this method. With the development and application of limited-slip differential technology, four-wheel drive systems have been able to accurately allocate torque distribution between the wheels, so high-performance sports cars are increasingly using four-wheel drive in order to improve handling. The advantages of 4WD are: the four wheels have power, the highest ground attachment rate, and good passability and dynamic performance.
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