Abstract: The development of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters is currently growing well abroad. The current situation of the unknown domestic fog is puzzling, and people can't help but wonder what the future of carbon dioxide heat pump is. Carbon dioxide heat pump water heater in the future One of the geometry: Carbon dioxide heat pump water heater is the most potential work?
The so-called CO2 heat pump is a special-purpose heat pump chiller. It uses carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, absorbs the heat from the ambient air, passes the heat to the water in the water heater through the refrigeration cycle, and is used as a bath and other domestic hot water. It can also be used as room heating. However, it is understood that most domestic air heat pump water heaters commonly use R22 and R410A as the working medium. Why choose carbon dioxide? We can find the answer from the current environment and CO2 itself.
A series of crises such as increased UV radiation, global warming, and increased incidence of skin cancer and cataracts are all heralds to the devastation of the ozone layer, the “Montreal Protocol†concluded by various countries for the protection of human living environment. There are provisions for the phase-out of ozone depleting substances. In September 2007, the Protocol adopted a timetable for accelerating the phase-out of HCFCs. According to the requirements of the Montreal Protocol, developing countries, including China, have chosen the average of HCFC consumption and production in 2009 and 2010 as a baseline, and will freeze HCFC consumption and production at the baseline level by 2013. Developing countries will also complete the phase-out of HCFCs production and consumption by 2030. Among them, the first R22 will be severely affected.
Recently, the industry's concern for the "HCFC-containing hydrocarbon production industry access standards" has also been completed, is expected to be introduced in the near future. According to the spirit of the document, before 2013, China will stop the approval of new refrigerant R22 projects. At present, people are generally concerned about the replacement of new refrigerants. R410A has become one of the alternatives. However, since R410A will not destroy the ozone layer, it will still produce a greenhouse effect. Therefore, carbon dioxide, a natural working fluid, stands out. Has become a hot topic in recent years.
As a refrigerant, carbon dioxide has many unique advantages. As a natural refrigerant, its ozone destruction potential is zero, and its greenhouse effect potential is small. Therefore, carbon dioxide is very environmentally friendly. The thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide show that carbon dioxide is also a good refrigerant, experts in the refrigeration market told reporters, “Compared with other refrigerants, carbon dioxide has higher volumetric capacity per unit volume; lower compression ratio; better transmission Heat and flow properties, but also inert gas, will not burn or explode, the price is relatively cheap, and easy to maintain, taking into account that carbon dioxide exotherm in supercritical conditions, there is a considerable temperature slip is conducive to hot water The characteristics of heating to a higher temperature are the focus of the heat pump industry."
As we all know, the air-energy heat pump is greatly affected by the climate temperature, in the cold and cold regions, the heating and efficiency of the traditional air-energy heat pump will drop rapidly with the decrease of the ambient temperature, the use of heat pumps is limited, but the use of carbon dioxide as the working medium The heat pump water heater has good low temperature performance, and has the advantage of providing a large range of hot water supply temperature as compared with the conventional water heater and can provide high-temperature hot water. In 1998 and 1999, it was reported that the test results were more energy-efficient than natural gas combustion heating, which can save energy by 75% and the water temperature can be increased from 8°C to 60°C.
From this point of view, the use of carbon dioxide as the working medium for heat pump water heaters has undoubtedly merits and application value.
Because carbon dioxide is a natural environmental friendly refrigerant that is harmless to the environment, and its application in heat pump water heaters has advantages that other heating methods cannot match, carbon dioxide is considered to be the most promising natural alternative for heat pump systems. One of the working fluids.
What we will learn next is the basic situation of the CO2 heat pump water heater in the global market. From the booming Japanese market to the cautious advancement of the European and American markets, as well as the preliminary breakthrough in the domestic market, the future situation of the CO2 heat pump water heater is reflected in many aspects.
Looking at the development of global carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters With the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous progress of science and technology, domestic hot water supply methods have shown diversified development trends, such as gas water heaters or gas heating stoves, electric water heaters, solar water heaters and heat pump water heaters. Among them, the air-energy heat pump water heater as a new generation of products, has outstanding performance in energy conservation and environmental protection, avoiding the consumption of too much fossil energy, but also has greater advantages in the flexibility and stability of the installation. In particular, the emergence of CO2 heat pumps has aroused market fluctuations.
The CO2 heat pump water heater started in Japan and has become a new product that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Since entering the Japanese market in 2001, sales have continued to rise. In 2008, Japan's related machine and component manufacturing companies set out to carry out global sales promotion activities, marking a new stage in the development of technologies and markets for household CO2 heat pump water heaters. It is understood that there are 16 different types of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters on the Japanese market, depending on the amount of heat, water tank capacity, and regional adaptability. From this point of view, the development of Japan's CO2 heat pump water heater has achieved good results and gained market recognition. At present, Japan is the most popular country for home air heat pump water heaters, which lays the foundation for the development of CO2 heat pumps. Combined with the advantages of CO2 heat pump water heaters and the strong support of the Japanese government, it has greatly promoted the development of CO2 heat pump water heaters. The fiery market atmosphere is now present.
With the rapid sales of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in Japan, the EU standard for the sale of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in the EU has been resolved after the EU standards for the pressure safety requirements of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems were officially released. The carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters began to flow into the European market. At the same time, European companies have also been engaged in the research and development of CO2 transcritical technologies in heat pump applications. In addition to CO2 automotive air conditioners in Europe, domestic refrigerators and commercial refrigerators and freezers that use CO2 transcritical cycle technology have been on the market for many years. The formulation and publication of this series of technical standards have contributed to the development of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in Europe. In the U.S. market, there are certain obstacles to the development of CO2 transcritical systems, and safety certification agencies have stipulated higher safety factors for blasting strength, leading to higher manufacturing costs for such systems and competition for new refrigerants. The carbon dioxide transcritical system has a direct impact, but because the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers believes that the high-pressure carbon dioxide system will make the working medium denser, its private environmental protection agencies are still actively promoting the application of CO2 systems in the field of heating heat pumps. .
As for China's domestic market, the current domestic market for CO2 heat pump water heaters is still in its infancy, with suitable conditions for the application of CO2 heat pump water heaters and related products. There are also a number of manufacturers that have initiated industrialization development projects for CO2 transcritical heat pump products. In 2011, Wenzhou Huiyuan Energy-saving Technology Co., Ltd. has successfully developed the first domestic CO2 heat pump water heater. It is reported that the energy-saving effect of this product is as high as 85%. Shao Wenyong, chairman of Wenzhou Huiyuan, introduced that “the company lasted two years. In the year, it overcame two major technical problems of pressure and control systems and independently developed this CO2 heat pump water heater. However, due to the lack of corresponding national and industry standards, the water heater is not yet available to the market.†Foreign products and technologies are also gradually flowing into the market. The domestic market will drive the development of domestic CO2 heat pump water heaters.
Domestic and foreign companies have successively introduced carbon dioxide heat pump compressor carbon dioxide as a natural and environmentally friendly refrigerant. Due to its good low-temperature flow properties and heat transfer characteristics, it has gradually been favored by the market. Therefore, in order to take the lead in the compressor market, more and more companies are also involved in the production of carbon dioxide heat pump compressors.
However, as mentioned above, the safety of carbon dioxide under high pressure has caused some markets to question it. How to solve this big problem has become a rigorous test for CO2 heat pump compressor companies. The current production of CO2 heat pump compressors The promotion is mainly concentrated in some multinational companies such as Danfoss, Bitzer, Turin and Emerson. The exquisite technology of these well-known multinational corporations and their high demands on product quality have led the development of the industry and occupy a dominant position.
Danfoss' CO2 gas cooler solution has the advantages of easy installation and commissioning, maximum system operation efficiency, etc. It is the best field application solution and cost control system solution. Bitzer is the first manufacturer to introduce CO2 refrigeration compressors. The earliest CO2 units developed with customers have been operating safely for nearly 20 years. Turin has developed the world's first semi-closed reciprocating carbon dioxide compressor that can be used in HPWH and light and medium commercial refrigeration equipment. Emerson is the world's premier provider of heating, air conditioning and refrigeration solutions. Emerson's Copeland Scroll compressors can be used in low temperature cascade systems and is the only US UL regulatory requirement for high pressure subcritical CO2 cascade systems. Compressor.
However, with the maturing of the refrigeration market in China, local brands have also been catching up with leading industry trends and product R&D. China now has a number of compressor production companies have successfully developed a special compressor for carbon dioxide transcritical cycle heat pump system. Such as Shanghai Hitachi, Xi'an Qing'an, Guangdong Meizhi and Guangdong Wanhe, etc., have complied with this trend, have introduced carbon dioxide compressors, and provide the business sector with carbon dioxide solutions. At present, the core component standard of CO2 heat pump water heater, GB/T26181-2010 "Fully enclosed motor-compressor for household and similar CO2 refrigerant heat pump water heater" has been released. With the implementation of this standard, the research of CO2 heat pump compressor It will become a hot spot. Although various types of compressors, including piston type, screw type, scroll type, rolling piston type and slide type, have been developed, many technical problems will need continuous improvement and improvement.
It is understood that whether the CO2 heat pump system can operate safely and reliably, and whether it is related to the selection of basic materials, and whether the pressure components such as parts and meters are sufficiently strong are also of great relevance. Lin Bingnan, engineer of Wenzhou Huiyuan Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., said: “Only a reasonable selection of materials and wall thickness can ensure the reliability and safety of the system under a given pressure. General parts and materials cannot withstand the carbon dioxide heat pump. The pressure requirements have to be eliminated. Some of the materials and accessories required by the CO2 heat pump have no market demand in the country, so there is almost no production in the domestic manufacturers and only the relevant parts and components can be developed by oneself.†Thus, the CO2 heat pump compressor The issue still needs full-scale research and development to follow up.
The so-called CO2 heat pump is a special-purpose heat pump chiller. It uses carbon dioxide as a refrigerant, absorbs the heat from the ambient air, passes the heat to the water in the water heater through the refrigeration cycle, and is used as a bath and other domestic hot water. It can also be used as room heating. However, it is understood that most domestic air heat pump water heaters commonly use R22 and R410A as the working medium. Why choose carbon dioxide? We can find the answer from the current environment and CO2 itself.
A series of crises such as increased UV radiation, global warming, and increased incidence of skin cancer and cataracts are all heralds to the devastation of the ozone layer, the “Montreal Protocol†concluded by various countries for the protection of human living environment. There are provisions for the phase-out of ozone depleting substances. In September 2007, the Protocol adopted a timetable for accelerating the phase-out of HCFCs. According to the requirements of the Montreal Protocol, developing countries, including China, have chosen the average of HCFC consumption and production in 2009 and 2010 as a baseline, and will freeze HCFC consumption and production at the baseline level by 2013. Developing countries will also complete the phase-out of HCFCs production and consumption by 2030. Among them, the first R22 will be severely affected.
Recently, the industry's concern for the "HCFC-containing hydrocarbon production industry access standards" has also been completed, is expected to be introduced in the near future. According to the spirit of the document, before 2013, China will stop the approval of new refrigerant R22 projects. At present, people are generally concerned about the replacement of new refrigerants. R410A has become one of the alternatives. However, since R410A will not destroy the ozone layer, it will still produce a greenhouse effect. Therefore, carbon dioxide, a natural working fluid, stands out. Has become a hot topic in recent years.
As a refrigerant, carbon dioxide has many unique advantages. As a natural refrigerant, its ozone destruction potential is zero, and its greenhouse effect potential is small. Therefore, carbon dioxide is very environmentally friendly. The thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide show that carbon dioxide is also a good refrigerant, experts in the refrigeration market told reporters, “Compared with other refrigerants, carbon dioxide has higher volumetric capacity per unit volume; lower compression ratio; better transmission Heat and flow properties, but also inert gas, will not burn or explode, the price is relatively cheap, and easy to maintain, taking into account that carbon dioxide exotherm in supercritical conditions, there is a considerable temperature slip is conducive to hot water The characteristics of heating to a higher temperature are the focus of the heat pump industry."
As we all know, the air-energy heat pump is greatly affected by the climate temperature, in the cold and cold regions, the heating and efficiency of the traditional air-energy heat pump will drop rapidly with the decrease of the ambient temperature, the use of heat pumps is limited, but the use of carbon dioxide as the working medium The heat pump water heater has good low temperature performance, and has the advantage of providing a large range of hot water supply temperature as compared with the conventional water heater and can provide high-temperature hot water. In 1998 and 1999, it was reported that the test results were more energy-efficient than natural gas combustion heating, which can save energy by 75% and the water temperature can be increased from 8°C to 60°C.
From this point of view, the use of carbon dioxide as the working medium for heat pump water heaters has undoubtedly merits and application value.
Because carbon dioxide is a natural environmental friendly refrigerant that is harmless to the environment, and its application in heat pump water heaters has advantages that other heating methods cannot match, carbon dioxide is considered to be the most promising natural alternative for heat pump systems. One of the working fluids.
What we will learn next is the basic situation of the CO2 heat pump water heater in the global market. From the booming Japanese market to the cautious advancement of the European and American markets, as well as the preliminary breakthrough in the domestic market, the future situation of the CO2 heat pump water heater is reflected in many aspects.
Looking at the development of global carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters With the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous progress of science and technology, domestic hot water supply methods have shown diversified development trends, such as gas water heaters or gas heating stoves, electric water heaters, solar water heaters and heat pump water heaters. Among them, the air-energy heat pump water heater as a new generation of products, has outstanding performance in energy conservation and environmental protection, avoiding the consumption of too much fossil energy, but also has greater advantages in the flexibility and stability of the installation. In particular, the emergence of CO2 heat pumps has aroused market fluctuations.
The CO2 heat pump water heater started in Japan and has become a new product that has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Since entering the Japanese market in 2001, sales have continued to rise. In 2008, Japan's related machine and component manufacturing companies set out to carry out global sales promotion activities, marking a new stage in the development of technologies and markets for household CO2 heat pump water heaters. It is understood that there are 16 different types of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters on the Japanese market, depending on the amount of heat, water tank capacity, and regional adaptability. From this point of view, the development of Japan's CO2 heat pump water heater has achieved good results and gained market recognition. At present, Japan is the most popular country for home air heat pump water heaters, which lays the foundation for the development of CO2 heat pumps. Combined with the advantages of CO2 heat pump water heaters and the strong support of the Japanese government, it has greatly promoted the development of CO2 heat pump water heaters. The fiery market atmosphere is now present.
With the rapid sales of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in Japan, the EU standard for the sale of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in the EU has been resolved after the EU standards for the pressure safety requirements of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump systems were officially released. The carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters began to flow into the European market. At the same time, European companies have also been engaged in the research and development of CO2 transcritical technologies in heat pump applications. In addition to CO2 automotive air conditioners in Europe, domestic refrigerators and commercial refrigerators and freezers that use CO2 transcritical cycle technology have been on the market for many years. The formulation and publication of this series of technical standards have contributed to the development of carbon dioxide heat pump water heaters in Europe. In the U.S. market, there are certain obstacles to the development of CO2 transcritical systems, and safety certification agencies have stipulated higher safety factors for blasting strength, leading to higher manufacturing costs for such systems and competition for new refrigerants. The carbon dioxide transcritical system has a direct impact, but because the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers believes that the high-pressure carbon dioxide system will make the working medium denser, its private environmental protection agencies are still actively promoting the application of CO2 systems in the field of heating heat pumps. .
As for China's domestic market, the current domestic market for CO2 heat pump water heaters is still in its infancy, with suitable conditions for the application of CO2 heat pump water heaters and related products. There are also a number of manufacturers that have initiated industrialization development projects for CO2 transcritical heat pump products. In 2011, Wenzhou Huiyuan Energy-saving Technology Co., Ltd. has successfully developed the first domestic CO2 heat pump water heater. It is reported that the energy-saving effect of this product is as high as 85%. Shao Wenyong, chairman of Wenzhou Huiyuan, introduced that “the company lasted two years. In the year, it overcame two major technical problems of pressure and control systems and independently developed this CO2 heat pump water heater. However, due to the lack of corresponding national and industry standards, the water heater is not yet available to the market.†Foreign products and technologies are also gradually flowing into the market. The domestic market will drive the development of domestic CO2 heat pump water heaters.
Domestic and foreign companies have successively introduced carbon dioxide heat pump compressor carbon dioxide as a natural and environmentally friendly refrigerant. Due to its good low-temperature flow properties and heat transfer characteristics, it has gradually been favored by the market. Therefore, in order to take the lead in the compressor market, more and more companies are also involved in the production of carbon dioxide heat pump compressors.
However, as mentioned above, the safety of carbon dioxide under high pressure has caused some markets to question it. How to solve this big problem has become a rigorous test for CO2 heat pump compressor companies. The current production of CO2 heat pump compressors The promotion is mainly concentrated in some multinational companies such as Danfoss, Bitzer, Turin and Emerson. The exquisite technology of these well-known multinational corporations and their high demands on product quality have led the development of the industry and occupy a dominant position.
Danfoss' CO2 gas cooler solution has the advantages of easy installation and commissioning, maximum system operation efficiency, etc. It is the best field application solution and cost control system solution. Bitzer is the first manufacturer to introduce CO2 refrigeration compressors. The earliest CO2 units developed with customers have been operating safely for nearly 20 years. Turin has developed the world's first semi-closed reciprocating carbon dioxide compressor that can be used in HPWH and light and medium commercial refrigeration equipment. Emerson is the world's premier provider of heating, air conditioning and refrigeration solutions. Emerson's Copeland Scroll compressors can be used in low temperature cascade systems and is the only US UL regulatory requirement for high pressure subcritical CO2 cascade systems. Compressor.
However, with the maturing of the refrigeration market in China, local brands have also been catching up with leading industry trends and product R&D. China now has a number of compressor production companies have successfully developed a special compressor for carbon dioxide transcritical cycle heat pump system. Such as Shanghai Hitachi, Xi'an Qing'an, Guangdong Meizhi and Guangdong Wanhe, etc., have complied with this trend, have introduced carbon dioxide compressors, and provide the business sector with carbon dioxide solutions. At present, the core component standard of CO2 heat pump water heater, GB/T26181-2010 "Fully enclosed motor-compressor for household and similar CO2 refrigerant heat pump water heater" has been released. With the implementation of this standard, the research of CO2 heat pump compressor It will become a hot spot. Although various types of compressors, including piston type, screw type, scroll type, rolling piston type and slide type, have been developed, many technical problems will need continuous improvement and improvement.
It is understood that whether the CO2 heat pump system can operate safely and reliably, and whether it is related to the selection of basic materials, and whether the pressure components such as parts and meters are sufficiently strong are also of great relevance. Lin Bingnan, engineer of Wenzhou Huiyuan Energy Saving Technology Co., Ltd., said: “Only a reasonable selection of materials and wall thickness can ensure the reliability and safety of the system under a given pressure. General parts and materials cannot withstand the carbon dioxide heat pump. The pressure requirements have to be eliminated. Some of the materials and accessories required by the CO2 heat pump have no market demand in the country, so there is almost no production in the domestic manufacturers and only the relevant parts and components can be developed by oneself.†Thus, the CO2 heat pump compressor The issue still needs full-scale research and development to follow up.
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